An
Agricultural
Testament
by
Sir Albert Howard, C.I.E., M.A.
Formerly Director of the Institute of Plant Industry
Indore, and Agricultural Adviser to States
in Central India and Rajputana
1943
Oxford University Press
New York and London
Copyright 1943 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
First published in England, 1940
First American edition, 1945
To Gabrielle
Who is no more
The Earth, that's Nature's Mother, is her tomb;
What is her burying grave, that is her womb.
Romeo and Juliet.
And Nature, the old nurse, took
The child upon her knee,
Saying: 'Here is a story-book
Thy Father has written for thee.'
'Come, wander with me,' she said,
'Into regions yet untrod;
And read what is still unread
In the manuscripts of God.'
Longfellow
The Fiftieth Birthday of Agassiz.
Contents
Preface
1. Introduction
Nature's Methods of Soil Management
The Agriculture of the Nations Which Have Passed Away
The Practices of the Orient
The Agricultural Methods of the Occident
Part I
The Part Played by Soil Fertility in Agriculture
2. The Nature of Soil Fertility
3. The Restoration of Fertility
Part II
The Indore Process
4. The Indore Process
The Raw Materials Needed
Pits versus Heaps
Charging the Heaps or Pits
Turning the Compost
The Storage of Humus
Output
5. Practical Applications of the Indore Process
Coffee
Tea
Sugar-cane
5. Practical Applications of the Indore Process (cont.)
Cotton
Sisal
Maize
Rice
Vegetables
Vine
6. Developments of the Indore Process
Green-manuring
The Safeguarding of Nitrate Accumulations
The Production of Humus
The Safeguarding of Nitrates Followed by the Manufacture of Humus
The Reform of Green-manuring
7. Developments of the Indore Process, Cont.
Grass-land Management
8. Developments of the Indore Process, Cont.
The Utilization of Town Wastes
Part III
Health, Indisposition, and Disease in Agriculture
9. Soil Aeration
The Soil Aeration Factor in Relation to Grass and Trees
The Root System of Deciduous Trees
The Root System of Evergreens
9. Soil Aeration (cont.)
The Harmful Effect of Grass
The Effect of Aeration Trenches on Young Trees Under Grass
The Cause of the Harmful Effect of Grass
Forest Trees and Grass
The Aeration Of The Sub-soil
10. Some Diseases of the Soil
Soil Erosion
The Formation of Alkali Land
11. The Retreat of the Crop and the Animal before the Parasite
Humus and Disease Resistance
The Mycorrhizal Association and Disease
The Investigations of Tomorrow
12. Soil Fertility and National Health
Part IV
Agricultural Research
13. A Criticism of Present-day Agricultural Research
14. A Successful Example of Agricultural Research
Part V
Conclusions and Suggestions
15. A Final Survey
Appendixes
A. Compost Manufacture on a Tea Estate in Bengal
B. Compost Making at Chipoli, Southern Rhodesia
C. The Manufacture of Humus from the Wastes of the Town and the Village
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